Orto di Casa Cecconi

My first allotment, and then one thing leading to another…

  • Taking stock (Week 6, Monday)

    The plants in our area are in need of stockchecking, so I volunteered to do it: I will learn more about the area, the plants and stockchecking – what’s not to like? Besides, a bit of light work will give some rest to my wrist, which need it.

    When plants are accessioned – I talked about this in my very first post: Plants come with a label (unlike people) – a record is created in a database describing their characteristics, including name (family, genus, species, variety, etc), information about who and from where supplied them, whether the origin of the plant has been verified of not, the location of the plant in the garden, etc.

    Stocktaking requires first thing to print out a list of the plants in the area: in our case the South Canal beds are numbered as areas 435 and 437.

    With your list, then, you check that all the plants are there and where they are supposed to be and that the labels are correctly placed to identify them, taking notes of any plant that is not listed (it could have been missed in the database recording or it could be a self-seeded plant that was not weeded out) and any other issues that you may spot.

    Every plant must have at least two identification labels: a display one, engraved on black plastic and a security label, embossed on metal (for identification in case the other one goes missing). Some may have a label on a stand, too, depending on their growth habit.

     
    If any labels is missing or unreadable, it has to be reprinted and replaced.

    So with my printed list of plants I have been and will be exploring the areas, in and around the beds, and checking our plants.

    I am taking a very systematic approach, sequentially checking every plant, bed by bed,, row by row, and in a session I try and complete a whole block of plants. For each I check that both essential labels are present and readable, and that they have not been misplaced by mistake.

    Some of the plants listed in my sheeds I could not initially find, then I realised they had been “swallowed” by their neighbours: there are quite a few invasive plants in the Rosaceae family, such as my favourite Rubus, and of course Sorbaria. Potentilla and Cotoneaster also do their best to keep up, seeding far and wide. So there is my work cut out for me in the next few weeks: weeding out and cutting back the more vigorous specimens and their unwanted progeny.

    If any plant is not labelled and is not obviously the offspring of some neighbouring plant, it will need to be identified and dealt with accordingly.

    Having to check plants so close is improving my observation skills, and I am noticing new details and learning a lot of new plants in the process. They are beautiful, plants, and amazing.
    I found a crab apple tree with leaves like an hawthorn, a pear tree with leaves like a willow, and a stunningly red apple tree: leaves and trunk, with purple berries…

    Malus florentina
    Pyrus salicifolia ‘Pendula
    Malus x purpurea ‘Eleyi’

    In view of reporting back to my manager, on a rainy morning I have also prepared a spreadsheet where to collect all the information I gather in readable format.

    Look forward to completing this task over the next few days…

  • Weed or not weed? (Week 5, Friday)

    Have been around the Japanese gateway a lot in the last couple of weeks, as we were taking care of it temporarily.

    As I described in previous posts, we mowed the lawn, edged the beds and raked the gravel. Some weeding needed doing too.

    We’ve been talking about weeds, me and my colleague. How “botanical racism” might be at play, horticulture demanding of us that we get rid of the most successful plants from an evolutionary perspectives… and I found this beautifully written article just now that talks extensively about when a weed’s a weed and why. It goes:

    “Plants become weeds when they obstruct our plans, or our tidy maps of the world.” 

    Definitions of weed vary: some of them refer to wild plants that grow out of place, others refer to any plant out of place, and weeds are called pernicious, invasive and noxious, these last two being official definitions of foreign plants, interfering with some human activity and environment or other (often a wrong of our own doing….).


    At the Japanese gateway two plants seem to have taken up weedy behaviour and outgrown their allotted space in what is a definitely planned, tidy landscape: Japanese anemone (Anemone hupehensis var. japonica) and Japanese spurge (Pachysandra terminalis).

    They had to go and I spent all day clearing them. Difficult to do in the case of the first, a plant I love, but less so in the case of the second, which I find rather indifferent if not unpleasant altogether. Anyway, I was really surprised how weedy the Anemone actually was, with rhizomes reaching everywhere, as at home I have tried to get them established for two years now (with their white flowers that last into autumn they are such a good addition to an informal garden), but they keep dying, probably because it can get quite wet and waterlogged in winter at my place.

    Because of the rhizomes reaching far and wide, I had to use what my colleagues defined “the stabbing” technique of weeding: with the tip of my trowel I chopped the rhizomes around some areas, then I teased them out and cleared with the help of a hand fork. They say it must be a uniquely Italian technique and joked about our supposedly passionate and murderous character. I have seen it done by at least another Italian gardener… so that might actually be the case! ;p

    The outcome was satisfactory, though, what do you think? Here’s the three cleared areas I worked on, taking the plants back to how they were meant to look:

    Front of area 1
    Back of area 1

    Area 2 and 3

    There is one thing that might be said in favour of the thick carpet of Pachysandra: it is seemed to provide cover for a range of wildlife.

    Earthworm
    Newt
    Small mammal’s burrow?
  • Corporate teamwork on azaleas (Week 5, Thursday)

    An unusual day, today: I joined in to assist a colleague who was leading the activities of a team of corporate volunteers on a teamwork day.


    The azaleas are coming into flower and we forecast the Azalea Garden will major as an attraction for tourists at the weekend, so the volunteers were asked to help weed and edge the azaleas’ beds.

    While waiting for the 20 or so strong team to arrive on site, I had a walk round the circles of beds, each section containing one of 12 hybrid groups in chronological order of breeding, with highlights:

    • Ghent Hybrids, created by a Belgian baker in the 1820s from crosses between azaleas from eastern North America;  
    • Mollis Hybrids, from Rhododendron japonicum and other Asian species; 
    • Knap Hill Hybrids, designed to improve the Ghent Hybrids; 
    • Rustica Flore Pleno Hybrids, introduced in around 1890.
    I took a few shots as well:

    R. occidentale
    R. ‘Kosters Brilliant Red’
    R. ‘Hortulanus H. Witte’
    R. ‘Magnificum’

    by the way, if you were wondering, azaleas all belong to the genus Rhododendron (they were originally considered different but have now been reclassified). The US National Arboretum defines them for the layperson as:

    Taxonomically, Rhododendron is the correct genus name for all azaleas and rhododendrons. Azaleas generally have smaller flowers, bloom a bit earlier, and have much smaller leaves that may be deciduous or partly so. Rhododendrons usually have larger flowers, bloom later, and have large leaves that persist during the winter. 

    When the volunteers arrived, my colleague introduced them to the task at hand and showed them how to use the tools, after which we both spent the day making sure everything went well, answering questions and helping out with the tasks and clearing.

    There was some real engagement, and the beds were trim and clean in good time, so we moved on and tidied up the surrounding tree circles. The weather kept, with the exception of a shower, which rather conveniently happened around lunchtime.

    At the end of the day, I asked the volunteers what they got out of the day: they enjoyed being out in the open, doing something different from their usual workday, and in such a beautiful place as Kew (some of them had never been and were keen to take their families). They do similar volunteering a couple of times a year and for us they were a welcome help. One of the ladies I chatted to mentioned she would like to do some veg gardening, but she did not feel confident enough, so we discussed easy plants to grow for a start, and I really hope she is having a go at it, because it is so rewarding!

    The result of the day’s work, were very visible for the team to be proud of, and for the visitors to enjoy at the weekend.

  • Kew Fungarium (Week 5, Wednesday)

    After a visit to the Herbarium, we couldn’t miss the Fungarium.


    What an amazing place! A fungarium is a collection of dried specimens, and Kew collection was recently complemented with a donation by CABI, to create one of the largest collection in the world. It contains 1.25 m specimens, including plenty of types – ca 45,000, and is continually growing, at the rate of ca 5,000 specimens a year.

    Fungi are fascinating: not a plant, nor an animal, they make up a taxonomic kingdom of their own, their distinguishing characteristic being they contain chetin in their cell walls (plants contain cellulose instead) like that in the exoskeleton of insects. We know comparatively little about fungi, and reclassification is continually happening: our knowledgeable, and most entertaining, guide for the day, Begoña Aguirre-Hudson, mentioned three taxonomic reorganisations since she has been taking care of the collection…

    … she features in a Kew video, about fungi and the Fungarium, available on YouTube, by the way.

    We were shown an interesting selection of specimens: one collected by Darwin (which is more valuable from a historical point of view than for its scientific value: Darwin apparently preserved his specimens in port wine for lack of anything else, so they are not well preserved!) One was the renowned Chinese caterpillar fungus (a clever parasite of the caterpillar, indeed) and potato blight… plus some dried porcini, Amanita and giant puffballs…



    The mycology department, where the Fungarium is located, also includes a lab where mushrooms are collected, cleaned, analysed, their genetic material extracted for any necessary DNA testing, and then dried to be added to the collection.


    A special machine ensures the fungi are quickly dried at a low enough temperature to preserve their genetic material (40°C). Then they go into a freezer that can reach a temperature of -35°C so that all insects that might damage the specimen, and their eggs, are killed.

    The specimens need to be packeted, glued to the archival paper and archived by hand.

    They are also being digitised: records are available in the HerbIMI database, while a project is ongoing to get high resolution images of all the collections.

    We were also given a leaflet on fungi: do you know why we really really need them?

    • fungi recycle animal and vegetable waste so that the nutrients from them become available to the ecosystem once again;
    • mycorrhizae: the relationships that many fungi form with particular plants, helping them extend the reach of their roots and absorb water and nutrients (phosphates in particular); but not only that, it appears they may also help plants to communicate;
    • many of our medicines derive from secondary compounds produced by fungi (including penicillin, a dried culture of which we had a look at in the Fungarium);
    • yeasts, which help our bread rise, our beer brew, our wine ferment… indeed all fermentation processes, belong to the kingdom Fungi.

    As a horticulturist, I am fascinated by mycorrhizae, such an amazing symbiotic relationship. One plant in US conifer forests, Sarcodes sanguinea, is completely unable to photosynthesize and gets all its nutrients from mycorrhizae! In the annotated picture from my RHS Level 3 exam (Adams, Bamford, Early Principles of Horticulture, Butterworth-Heinemann) there is some explanation of the two main types of mycorrhizae: endomycorrhyzae that penetrate root cells, and ectomycorrhyzae that extend into intercellular spaces. 

    But fungi are interesting in themselves: take mycelium for examplethe matter of which fungi are made. It looks like threads, arranging in the formations called hypae, in its underground life. Then it arranges to form fruiting bodies: the mushrooms (i.e. the familiar toadstools or brackets on trees) to produce spores through which fungi reproduce. But they may also organise in rhizomorphs (the bootlace structures that i.e. honey fungus uses to absorbe nutrients) and sclerotia (hard masses of resting spores that remain in soil until the right conditions happen for vegetative development). Some of these structures are so different that different stages of a fungus’ lifecycle had been identified as different fungi (one of the reasons why re-classification is taking place all the time)…

    I won’t even attempt to go into the systematics of fungi: the way fungi are grouped, based of their features (mobile spores, spores in a sac or in a club etc) and modes of reproduction (sexual, asexual or both…). If  you want to know more about it, I found book Pest, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants by Buczacki & Harris quite comprehensive

  • Dips and bumps on the way (Week 5, Tuesday)

    The David Nash at Kew exhibition has just closed, so sculptures and installations throughout the gardens are being dismantled, leaving behind rather large pits in the ground that need filling. So I am learning the art of filling holes, as part of our team days 🙂

    The main issue with filling holes is to make sure they do not sink, leaving unsightly and potentially unsafe dips and bumps where people walk. Therefore, one has to make sure the filling is quite compact. In order to achieve that, a process was developed:

    • Soil is taken in with tractors and spread in layers;
    • The layers are treaded on, with a typical heels-in walk to ensure that the most weight is applied (if you see us going round in circles and walking funnily, that’s why);
    • The layers are raked with a landscape rake to ensure they are even;
    • The pits are thus filled up to slightly above the surrounding ground level;
    • The soil is levelled carefully;
    • Grass seeds are sown and raked in gently;
    • The area, in particular if large, is fenced off to allow grass to grow undisturbed.
    Soil is taken to the pit
    A layer of soil is treaded on

    A layer ready for raking
    Checking the filling is level

    Grass sown , area fenced off

    I did gardening at the weekend as well as during the week, and that meant I was so unbelievably tired, probably the most tired I’ve ever been, and therefore felt overwhelmed and started questioning my new career.

    For someone that is used to work mainly in an office, for how much one can love it, physical work is demanding and takes some getting used to. I needed to pace myself throughout the task, as I felt that my muscles were not going to take much more, and because I was trying to conserve energy, it was even difficult to join in the team banter.

    It is getting better now, my colleagues were very supportive, apparently everyone gets very tired if they do not get proper rest it’s not only me being a relative newbie – but that is definitely something to take into consideration: you can get quite disheartened from sheer fatigue.

  • A typical day of maintenance (Week 4, Friday)

    Today it has been a typical day of  garden maintenance.


    For a start, we continued our collective effort to eradicate Smyrnium. The Smyrminators, we call ourselves nowadays, having spent almost every morning from 7.30 to 10 clearing the various areas of the gardens from this highly invasive weed, which tends to smother the lovely bluebells (themselves a bit of a noxious weed…). Smyrnium plants need to be pulled out whole, including the tuber (which has a habit of lodging itself in between roots so that if you are not careful you’ll leave it behind) or it will re-emerge, flowering (and setting seeds) low to the ground, difficult to spot and impossible to mow.

    A biennial plant, it will require to be weeded again next year. In fact, young plants have tiny tubers, which are difficult to pull out. But there’s plenty of them: they look similar to parsley.

    The second part of the morning, my colleague and I spent filling in a dip left by a tree that was removed a short while ago, and we sowed grass seeds to bring it back to lawn. From a frosty start, the day had turned lovely and it was a pleasure to work outside.

    After lunch, I was given the task to rake lines in the gravel at the Japanese landscape: something new to me! There is a special heavy rake to draw those lines, which are meant to represent ripples in water.

    I tried to approach the task with zen meditation in mind, but under the baking sun and with limited time to finish the patterns, my peace of mind turned rather soon into pressure…

    … in particular as the landscape is a major tourist attraction, and there are always plenty of people around.
    Most visitors are very appreciative of the raking, and often stop to have a chat. Seeing me all set on not leaving footprints, one visitor cracked into a joke: “Do you know you are not supposed to walk on the gravel while raking it?” That drew a smile: “I haven’t quite mastered that yet!”

    By then the task was complete and I had a little time for weeding. I do like weeding: the surprise of finding unexpected seedlings, and trying to identify the weeds I’m pulling, makes it more interesting for me.

    My find for the day was a seedling of Quercus ilex, likely from the big specimen just outside the landscape. I had identified it just the other day, as one of the plants for my ID test.

  • Ashes to ashes (Week 4, Thursday)

    Today we found some ashes scattered under a Pyrus while weeding. And then again under another tree.

    I knew that ash spreading was allowed at Kew because as soon as I started working here a friend suggested I go and visit her mum in the conservation area (which, unfortunately, I have not been able to do yet).

    But finding them when we are there to clean the beds up and it is work, it feels like it is too mundane a place to find something that has that certain sacredness to it, if nothing else for the memories of all the loved ones: a rather weird experience and one does not quite know how to behave around them…

    I guess the perspective of those scattering the ashes is quite different: they will enjoy the remembrance of their relative (or pet) resting in such a peaceful, beautiful place, almost the stereotype of beauty itself.

    In fact, I myself experienced that sense of awe you get when in the presence of sheer beauty just this morning, while weeding Smyrnium in the dappled shade, and I wondered whether Kew might be an earthly representation of the garden of Eden…



    Shortly afterwards, I read @giacecco’s blog post, in which he too mentions Kew as an image of paradise. And the scattering of ashes probably testifies to other people also feeling that way.


    A totally different finding was my favourite Lamiaceae, a weed I usually pull out from the allotment and plant in my (wildflower meadow) front garden and whose name I had not found before. It’s

    Ground-ivy, Glechoma hederacea, ± softly hairy creeping and rooting per herb, with ascending lfy fl-stems 10-20 cm tall; lvs 1-3 cm wide, kidney-shaped, blunt-tipped, toothed, long-stalked; fls in 2-4 fld whorls in lf-axils; calyx tubular, ± two-lipped; corollas 15-20 mm, pale violet (or, rarely, pink) with purple spots on hanging, three-lobed lower lip; upper lip flat; tube straight, tapered to base. Br Isles, vc (but NW Scot r); in wds on all except poorest soils, scrub, hbs, gslds. Fl 3-5.*

    PFAF says the leaves have edible uses, was apparently used in beer-making prior to hops, it’s good for bees and highly invasive.

    We come from earth, we return to the earth, and in between we garden.” (anon)

    (had written that yesterday – when I first became aware of it – but had to move it here, it was so appropriate to today’s experiences…)

    *  [Rose F., O’Reilly C. (2006), The wild flower key, London, Penguin Books]